Czasopismo | ELEKTRONIKA - KONSTRUKCJE, TECHNOLOGIE, ZASTOSOWANIA | Rocznik 2013 - zeszyt 6

Historical and metrological aspects of the development of quantum metrology

nr katalogowy: 77238

Development of metrology as a transition from arbitrary measures to absolute standards. Humanity has used originally random, arbitrary measures, anthropomorphic as a rule, convenient for practice but caused large errors in the standards themselves. However, there has always been an idea of the need to find and use some more fundamental natural standards. Such an opportunity was offered with the discovery of the fundamental constants - the speed of light, Planck’s constant, the elementary charge, the Boltzmann constant and others as absolute natural quantities. Consequently, physicists have begun offering different natural systems of units based on these constants. In 1832 C.F. Gauss proposed the idea of a mechanical system of units, which later, after its modernization by W.Weber, became widespread. From the point of view of the constants, the meaning of this system is the reduction of units of nonmechanical quantities to the three mechanical units by the choice of coefficients in laws, in which mechanical action is manifested, equal to 1 (for example, the choice of the coefficient ke = 1 in Coulomb's law) 2 2 1r F k q q e = · . In 1870 and 1873 J.C. Maxwell proposed two systems of units, from which the two classes of modern natural systems of units - atomic and gravitational [1, 2] - were originated. Systems proposed by J. Stoney (c, G, e; ke=1) in 1874/1881 and M. Planck (c, G, h, k) in 1899/1906 should be attributed to the gravitational system (G=1), and systems of D.Hartree (., e, me; ke=1), A. Ruark (c, ., me; ke=1), U.Stille (c, h, e, mp, k) and electronic system (., e, me; ke=1) to the atomic ones (mass of some elementary particle as unit of mass) [3-10]. Planck values were forgotten and rediscovered again in 1950s as the limits of applicability of modern physical theories. Hartree system is widely used in atomic physics and the system (c, ., eV; ke=1/4p) arisen from the system of Ruark is widely use[...]

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