Czasopismo | ELEKTRONIKA - KONSTRUKCJE, TECHNOLOGIE, ZASTOSOWANIA | Rocznik 2013 - zeszyt 2

Using large signal S-parameters to design low power class-B and class-C CMOS cross-coupled voltage controlled oscillators

nr katalogowy: 74683

Low power consumption and stringent phase noise requirements for LC oscillators operating in modern wired and wireless systems, pushes the designs close to the technology limits. It is even more challenging to design a high-performance RF circuit operating under limited voltage headroom, nowadays a typical scenario for battery operated systems implemented using deep-submicron, cost effective technologies as CMOS. All of the above can lead to serious performance trade-offs in oscillators, that have to be accounted for at early stages of the design process. From a perspective of battery operation, power consumption of an oscillator can be improved recognising that the circuit requires less energy to sustain oscillations than to start them. This can be explained using a mechanical example of a revolving doors. When the door are stationary, a person willing to pass, have to push to overcome friction between bearings and a central shaft. Once the door are set in motion only a fraction of initial energy is required to sustain the movement as the revolving mechanism conserves some of it in form of a kinetic energy. When external forces are no longer applied, the door will stop after some time as the energy will be dissipated by friction. The same rule applies to CMOS LC oscillator depicted in Fig. 1. This is a classical low voltage headroom cross-coupled VCO architecture considered throughout this article, with a single differential planar inductor (formed by L1, L2), the tank capacitance being a combination of MIM capacitor and MOS varactors, and NMOS pair forming a differential amplifier for the compensation of energy losses in the resonator. The electrical energy is stored by a electromagnetic field through the use of the inductor and capacitors and dissipated by resistive components of the circuit (in form of losses not depicted here). Once the oscillator signal becomes stable i.e. it reaches a steady amplitude after circuit sta[...]

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