Czasopismo | POLISH TECHNICAL REVIEW | Rocznik 2019 - zeszyt 4

SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY IN PERSPECTIVE

BIOLOGIA SYNTETYCZNA

10.15199/180.2019.4.1

Grzegorz GRYNKIEWICZ

nr katalogowy: 124389
10.15199/180.2019.4.1

Streszczenie

Towards the end of the XXth century, genetics expanded its scope not only in the field of structure and mechanisms of heredity, owing to progress in nucleic acid research including efficient sequencing and reassembly methods, but in acquiring precise tools which enable construction of new forms of life. Synthetic biology marks a radical change in practices of genetic manipulation from random mutations followed by selection, to design of specific DNA transformations attainable by application of genetic engineering methods. Mastering enzymatic gene splicing procedures and chemical synthesis of polynucleotides allowed perceiving macromolecules of life as “parts” or “bricks” amenable to specification, cataloguing and also fit for applications commensurable with the rules of engineering. The purpose of synthetic biology is to apply defined macromolecular constructs (abstracted from living matter or synthetic) as modules for construction of devices, sensors or switches, which can ultimately be integrated into self-sustained systems. Target applications of synthetic biology products ranges from biotechnological manufacturing of energy, fuels, chemicals, food and pharmaceuticals, through marker sensors and diagnostic devices, to various classes of therapeutics like antibodies, vaccines, probiotic microbes or modified immune cells. Thus, synthetic biology becomes an integral part of the prospective switch from present industrial reality to circular bioeconomy, which is the greatest challenge facing humanity.

Abstract

Na przełomie stuleci genetyka zyskała, w wyniku dogłębnych badań nad kwasami nukleinowymi, nowe specyficzne narzędzia modyfikacji materiału genetycznego, nieporównywalnie skuteczniejsze od wykorzystywanych uprzednio przypadkowych mutacji z następczą selekcją. W wyniku rozwoju różnych form biotechnologii, korzystających z narzędzi inżynierii genetycznej wyłoniła się (najpierw w formie postulatywnej) biologia syntetyczna, zakładając wykorzystanie funkcjonalnych biomakromolekuł jako elementów zamiennych (cegiełek lub podzespołów) do projektowania i konstrukcji większych modułów, systemów a wreszcie organizmów, spełniających z góry zadane założenia metaboliczne. Zadaniem biologii syntetycznej jest zapewnienie dostępności (docelowo w skali procesów przemysłowych) układów biologicznych zdolnych do korzystnego przetwarzania energii (szczególnie solarnej), transformacji składników biomasy w niskoemisyjne paliwa, półprodukty chemiczne, biopolimery oraz składniki żywności i leków. Inne zastosowania biologii syntetycznej koncentrują się w obszarze ochrony zdrowia; projektowane obecnie konstrukty będą spełniać role markerów i sensorów dla diagnostyki, probiotyków dla profilaktyki oraz przeciwciał, szczepionek a nawet celowo reprogramowanych komórek (np. układu immunologicznego) dla terapii lub medycyny rekonstrukcyjnej.

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Keywords

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