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Właściwości przetwórcze nowych kopolimerów estrowych o właściwościach elastomerowych na bazie surowców pochodzenia roślinnego

DOI:10.15199/28.2015.6.41
Magdalena Kwiatkowska Inez Kowalczyk Konrad Kwiatkowski

Processability of new bio-based ester block copolymers exhibiting rubber-like elasticity The use of plant biomass as a source of compounds with different chemical structures, gives a possibility for the synthesis of new bio-polymers with similar or even better physical properties if compared to those petrochemical based. One of the compounds of particularly high importance in polymer synthesis is 2.5-furanodicarboxylic acid (FDCA), derived from polysaccharides. It has the potential to replace the terephthalic acid in the synthesis of thermoplastic polyesters and their copolymers. Use of FDCA in the synthesis of polyester rigid segments and dimerized fatty acids as flexible segments allows to obtain ester block copolymers, 100% bio-based, with processabitity typical for thermoplastics. Thus, the aim of presented research is to evaluate the thermal properties and materials behaviour under processing conditions, as due to their novelty there is no guidance on their rheological characteristics nor recommendations for processing. Poly(trimethylene 2.5-furandicarboxylate) (PTF) homopolymer and its copolymers with different weight % content of dimerized fatty acids diol (DDFA) were investigated. The results of thermal analysis and melt flow index (MVR) indicated, that an increase of DDFA flexible segments effects both softening and melting temperature decreasing, whilst the thermo-oxidative stability is improved. Moreover, due to the presence of ester groups in polymer chains copolymers are sensitive to moisture content during processing, and they need to be dried carefully before the process. However DDFA content reduces this sensitivity due to its highly hydrophobic nature. Anyway, the bio-based new copolymers may be processed as typical thermoplastics, what gives a broad range of possible forms and designs in materials potential applications. Key words: 2.5-furandicarboxylic acid, copolymers, renewable resources, melt flow index. Wykorzystanie bi [...]

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INFORMACJA ZARZĄDU GŁÓWNEGO Polskiego Towarzystwa Materiałoznawczego KONKURS NA NAJLEPSZĄ PRACĘ DOKTORSKĄ ZA ROK 2014 Uprzejmie informujemy o rozstrzygnięciu przez Zarząd Główny Polskiego Towarzystwa Materiałoznawczego konkursu na Najlepszą Pracę Doktorską z zakresu Inżynierii Materiałowej w 2014 roku. Mamy przyjemność powiadomić, że na podstawie opinii wydanej przez wybitnych ekspertów Zarząd Główny Polskiego Towarzystwa Materiałoznawczego podjął decyzję, że nagrodą uhonorowana zostanie: dr inż. Katarzyna Stan-Głowińska za pracę doktorską pt. Preparation and characterization of Al-Mn-Fe base alloys strengthened with quasicrystalline particles Promotorem pracy była dr hab. Lidia Lityńska-Dobrzyńska prof. PAN. Recenzentami byli: dr hab. inż. Beata Dubiel z Akademii Górniczo-Hutniczej w Krakowie i dr hab. inż. Grażnyna Mrówka-Nowotnik prof. PRz. z Politechniki Rzeszowskiej. Prezes Sekretarz Generalny Polskiego Towarzystwa Materiałoznawczego Polskiego Towarzystwa Materiałoznawczego Prof. dr hab. inż. Piotr Kula Prof. dr hab. inż. Dariusz Kata AKTUALNOŚCI NEWS NR 6/2015 I N Ż Y N I E R I A M A T E R I A Ł O W A 571 AKTUALNOŚCI NEWS POLSKIE TOWARZYSTWO MATERIAŁOZNAWCZE ZARZĄD GŁÓWNY POLSKIEGO TOWARZYSTWA MATERIAŁOZNAWCZEGO OGŁASZA KONKURS NA NAJLEPSZĄ PRACĘ DOKTORSKĄ Z ZAKRESU INŻYNIERII MATERIAŁOWEJ. REGULAMIN KONKURSU: 1. Dyplom oraz nagroda przyznawana jest co roku przez Prezesa PTM na wniosek Zarządu PTM, 2. W konkursie uczestnicz więcej »

Analiza efektów zużywania się wybranych obręczy kół tramwajowych w aglomeracji poznańskiej - DOI:10.15199/28.2015.6.8

Marta Paczkowska Łukasz Wojciechowski Grzegorz Kinal Karolina Ostrowska Piotr Okoniewicz

The evaluation of wear effects of selected trams' wheels in the Poznan agglomeration The aim of presented research was evaluation of the main types of tram wheel wear of chosen rail vehicle and material changes which appear as a consequence of wheel and rail wear. Following tests was performed: macroscopic research, profile tests, Vickers hardness measurements, microscopic research with light microscope (Zeiss Epiquant with CCD), scanning electron microscope (Tescan Vega 5135) with X-ray microanalizer (PGT Avalon). The chemical composition was also checked with fluorescent spectrometer (LECO GDS 500A). The basic form of wear was shelling, which was detected by macroscopic research. The most damage surface was rolling surface. It has to be underline that the shelling was in early stage of growth. Created shells did not appear in the whole circumference of wheel and their size were relatively not huge. It is probably due to short distances characteristic for trams (in the comparison with trains). Moreover, in same regions of rolling surface, so called white layer was detected. It allows to state that sliding surfaces of wheel were (in a very small areas) heated in to higher temperature than it happens in case of shelling. Nonetheless, it was very local process, so it is rather not important in general wear of tested wheels. Tram wheels were highly deformed, particularly on the top of the edge of the wheel, and in the vicinity of outside angle of rolling profile. High deformation caused 70% hardness increase in comparison to the core material. In microstructure MnS was detected. Its presence in the surface layer of the top of the edge of the wheel caused delamination. It could help to crack initiation and, as a result, more intensive wear of tram wheels. Key words: tram wheel, wear, surface layer. Celem badań było określenie dominujących typów uszkodzeń obręczy wybranego pojazdu szynowego, a także zmian materiałowych będących wynikiem zuży więcej »

Analiza mikrostruktury stali podeutektoidalnej Co-Mo po ciągłym chłodzeniu z zakresu austenitu - DOI:10.15199/28.2015.6.13

Edyta Rożniata Rafał Dziurka Kamil Górecki

Analysis of the microstructure of the hypoeutectoid Co-Mo steel after continuous cooling from austenite range Present work corresponds to the research on the kinetics of phase transformation of undercooled austenite and analysis of the microstructure of 37CoMo4-3 hypoeutectoid steel, imitating by its chemical composition toughening steels. The kinetics of phase transformation of undercooled austenite of investigated alloy was presented on CCT diagram (continuous cooling transformation). The paper presents metallographic examinations, as well as hardness measurements. Metallographic observations were carried out using a Carl Zeiss Axiovert 200 MAT light microscope. Polished sections were etched with a 3% nital (3% HNO3 solution in C2H5OH). Dilatometric tests were performed using L78 R.I.T.A dilatometer of LINSEIS. Using dilatometer, the changes of elongation of the samples with dimensions Ø3×10 mm as a function of temperature were registered. Obtained heating curves were used for precise determination of the critical temperatures (critical points) for the examined steels. The differentiation of obtained cooling curves allowed to precisely define the temperature of the beginning and the end of particular phase transitions and thus to draw CCT diagrams. Key words: hypoeutectoid steel, microstructure, kinetics of phase transformation, CCT diagram, heat treatment. W pracy przedstawiono analizę kinetyki przemian fazowych przechłodzonego austenitu stali podeutektoidalnej 37CoMo4-3. Zastosowano badania metalograficzne oraz dylatometryczne, a także pomiary twardości. Badania metalograficzne wykonano na mikroskopie świetlnym Axiovert 200 MAT firmy Carl Zeiss. Zgłady trawiono 3% nitalem w celu ujawnienia poszczególnych składników mikrostrukturalnych badanej stali. Pomiary twardości wykonano aparatem Vickersa typu HPO 250, stosując siłę obciążająca 30 kG. Badania dylatometryczne wykonano za pomocą dylatometru L78 R.I.T.A. firmy LINSEIS. Rejestrowano więcej »

Analiza wad jednopolimerowych kompozytów poliestrowych - DOI:10.15199/28.2015.6.43

Katarzyna Bryll Elżbieta Piesowicz Katarzyna Gawdzińska Izabela Irska Barbara Kwiecińska

Analysis of defects in single-polymer polyester composites Global market of polymer composites grows dynamically and will maintain its growth in the future — not only because of increasing demand by the branches which are the main recipients of these composites, but also because of new applications invented for them. Such a large requirement and wide application enforces perpetual development of these materials. An interesting innovation is a proposal of using the reinforcement in form of thermoplastic fibers, made out of the same material as the matrix. As a result, a so-called single-polymer composite is obtained. In literature, studies of these type of materials concern mostly examples of polyethylene or polypropylene composites. However, the idea of single-polymer composites begins to be implemented also for other polymer materials, such as PMMA or polyesters. This paper presents manufacturing and certain defects, forming during determination of the processing conditions for creation of single-polymer polyester composites PET/PETG. Key words: composites, polyesters, single-polymer composites, film-stacking. Globalny rynek kompozytów polimerowych dynamicznie rośnie i będzie również wzrastać w przyszłości — nie tylko ze względu na rosnący popyt ze strony branż będących ich głównymi odbiorcami, lecz również ze względu na nowe zastosowania. Wymusza to ciągły rozwój tych materiałów. Interesującą innowacją jest propozycja zastosowania jako wzmocnienia włókien termoplastycznych wykonanych z tego samego materiału co osnowa, w wyniku czego uzyskuje się tzw. kompozyt jednopolimerowy (single-polymer composites). W literaturze można spotkać przede wszystkim badania nad tym typem materiałów opisane na przykładach jednopolimerowych kompozytów polietylenowych lub polipropylenowych. Obserwuje się jednak coraz częstsze zastosowanie kompozytów jednopolimerowych dla innych tworzyw, tj. PMMA lub poliestrów. W pracy opisano wytwarzanie oraz wady p więcej »

Analiza właściwości tribologicznych powłok a-C:H:SiOx wytwarzanych metodą RF PACVD - DOI:10.15199/28.2015.6.25

Damian Batory Witold Kaczorowski Łukasz Kołodziejczyk Marcin Makówka Anna Jędrzejczak

Analysis of tribological properties of a-C:H:SiOx coatings synthesized by RF PACVD method SiOx incorporated carbon coatings were synthesized using RF PACVD (Radio Frequency Plasma Assisted Chemical Vapour Deposition) method with use of mixture of methane (CH4) and hexamethylodisiloxane (HMDSO). The processes of synthesis were conducted using different CH4/HMDSO flow ratios and wide range of the self-bias potential of the r.f. electrode. As the substrate oxidized Ti6Al7Nb titanium alloy was used. Friction coefficient and wear resistance analysis was performed using the T-11 tribometer in the ball-on-disc configuration and counterpart made of 100Cr6 steel. Wear track analysis was made using scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The resistance against wear was determined basing on the registered wear profiles and scars on the surface of the coatings and the balls respectively. The results of the conducted examinations prove the varied impact of the process parameters on the tribological properties of the obtained coatings. A noticeably positive influence of SiOx incorporation on the decreasing value of the coefficient of friction was registered for as low concentration of silicon as 0.5 at. %. Nevertheless for low self-bias potentials coatings with high concentration of silicon and oxygen were damaged just after few meters of the sliding distance. The main wear mechanism of a-C:H:SiOx coatings is the third body effect. It seems that incorporation of SiOx into carbon coatings limits the graphitisation phenomena, which lead to formation of the transition layer acting as the solid lubricant. Despite significantly lower and stable coefficients of friction of a-C:H:SiOx coatings with higher concentrations of silicon and oxygen they do not provide sufficient protection against wear of the co-working elements. Key words: DLC, SiOx incorporation, friction, wear. Domieszkowane SiOx powłoki węglowe zostały wytworzone metodą RF PACVD (Radio więcej »

Charakterystyka właściwości mechanicznych powłok z austenitu stabilizowanego węglem - DOI:10.15199/28.2015.6.9

Sebastian Fryska Paweł Giza Jolanta Baranowska

Mechanical properties of the carbon-stabilized austenite coatings The paper presents the results of studies on mechanical properties of the S-phase coatings obtained by reactive magnetron sputtering of austenitic steel in an atmosphere containing methane in a variable proportion to argon. The basic characteristics of mechanical properties such as hardness and Young’s modulus as well as tribological characteristics were determined. Moreover, the adhesion of coatings was examined by scratch tests. It has been found that as a result of the reactive magnetron sputtering of the target made of austenitic steel in an atmosphere containing methane is possible to obtain hard (8÷12 GPa) and wear resistant coatings. Studies have shown that hardness of the coatings increases with an increase of carbon content, but the wear rate depends on the carbon contents only to a small extent. The slight decrease in the friction coefficient with the carbon content is observed. No changes were observed wear rate of the coatings. The coatings have good adhesion to the substrate, the better the higher is the carbon content in the coatings. Key words: carbon stabilized austenitic stainless steel coatings, reactive PVD, mechanical properties. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań właściwości mechanicznych powłok z fazy S wytworzonych podczas reaktywnego rozpylania magnetronowego stali austenitycznej w atmosferze zawierającej metan w zmiennej proporcji do argonu. Wyznaczono podstawowe charakterystyki właściwości mechanicznych, takich jak twardość i moduł Younga, oraz zbadano przyczepność powłok i ich właściwości tribologiczne. Stwierdzono, że w efekcie reaktywnego rozpylania magnetronowego targetu ze stali austenitycznej w atmosferze z dodatkiem metanu jest możliwe uzyskanie twardych powłok (8÷12 GPa) odpornych na zużycie przez tarcie. Badania wykazały, że ze wzrostem zawartości węgla obserwuje się zwiększenie twardości powłok, natomiast zużycie tribologiczne zależy od więcej »

Dobór materiału na fundamentowe podkładki maszyn - DOI:10.15199/28.2015.6.37

Michał Kawiak Ryszard Kawiak

Material selection for foundation chocks of machines Large-scale machines and appliances are not placed directly on a foundation plate, but on foundation chocks. The chocks fulfil the role of compensation links that enable to place the founded object in a required position. For decades, foundation chocks have been made of steel and they never met with any substantial objections in terms of their function. With the passage of time, however, economic criteria has shown that foundation screw connections with metal compensation chocks were no longer the optimum solution. The question was whether it would be possible to improve the foregoing solution for foundation screw connection. Due to material engineering, a new innovative method was introduced, in which metal chocks machined outside of assembly place were replaced with chocks of polymer composite, cast directly between the foundation plate and machine base. In this case — as it is shown in the article — steel chocks were replaced with polymer ones that had worse mechanical properties. As a result of such an exchange, only seemingly did the construction deteriorate. The new construction form of foundation screw connections with cast chocks proved more advantageous than the foregoing solution in other important aspects and it is standard nowadays. Above all, the time of object foundation become ten times shorter. The presented issue of material selection for foundation compensation chocks shows that the best solutions are obtained when both mechanical and technological properties of material are taken into consideration in the course of its selection. Key words: machine, marine engine, foundation chock, polymer composite, mechanical properties, technological properties. Wielkogabarytowe maszyny i urządzenia nie są ustawiane bezpośrednio na płycie fundamentu, lecz na podkładkach fundamentowych. Podkładki te spełniają rolę ogniw kompensacyjnych umożliwiających nadanie posadowianemu o więcej »

Dobór składu fazowego kompozytu na bazie stopu AlSi pod kątem możliwości kształtowania powierzchni roboczych tłoków - DOI:10.15199/28.2015.6.35

Maciej Dyzia Anna J. Dolata Piotr Putyra Lucyna Jaworska

The selection of phase composition of the AlSi matrix composite for the possibility of shaping work surfaces of pistons The article presents the results of technological research on the possibilities of using the slurry method for producing alloy matrix composites reinforced with ceramic particles AlSi (SiC and SiC + Cg) and shaping the piston in the die casting process. The purpose of the proposed study was to develop a composite phase composition on the assumption that the main criterion for the selection of components will be able to shape the working surface of the piston in machining processes and to assess the tribological properties of the composite. Polycrystalline diamond (PCD) tool life was determined based on the time of operation after which clashes parameter reaches VB = 0.3 mm. On the basis of SEM observation of the surface of the blade when working with composite materials identified nature of tool wear. In the case of cooperation PCD composite reinforced with SiC particles consumption was of wipe, while in the case of composite reinforced cooperation with the mixture of particles of SiC + Cg on the blade formed growths. The testing system-on-disc confirmed the beneficial effects of reinforcement SiC particles on the stability coefficient of friction. In an attempt to abrasive wear was recorded for reduced wear of composite samples AlSi7Mg2Sr003/SiC as compared with a hybrid AlSi7Mg2Sr003/SiC + Cg. Key words: hybrid composites, suspension method, mould casting, machining. Od wielu lat kompozyty o osnowie stopów aluminium (AlMMC) są zaliczane do grupy nowoczesnych materiałów inżynierskich. Obecnie na skalę przemysłową są wytwarzane elementy pracujące w warunkach dużych obciążeń ciernych, na przykład tłoki kompozytowe, tarcze i bębny hamulcowe. Główne technologie wytwarzania materiałów kompozytowych bazują na wysokociśnieniowych metodach infiltracji porowatych preform ceramicznych ciekłym stopem aluminium. Nadal jednak głównym pr więcej »

Inicjacja i propagacja mikropęknięć w stabilnym staliwie austenitycznym - DOI:10.15199/28.2015.6.10

Artur Bajwoluk Paweł Gutowski

Initiation and propagation of mini-cracks in stable austenitic cast steel Carburizing furnaces tooling is made of stable austenitic cast steel. During the service life of the tooling damages occur, which disqualify it from further usage. This paper focuses on the issue of mini-cracks formation in the tooling, during the cooling process. The literature shows, that a great difference in thermal expansion between cast structural components has a pivotal meaning for a problem of the cracks creating. A model which is presented in the literature shows, that the presence of carbides near the alloy surface can cause strong tensile stresses, which may initiate cracks formation. However the model does not include an oxide layer which forms on the alloy surface. It also does not explain why the cracks arise in practice, only at grains boundaries and not in other places where carbides are located. In the article computational model for finite element analysis of grains boundary located near the alloy surface which is covered with oxide layer was presented. The proposed model was used for the numerical analysis of the influence of the carbide layer (the depth of the layer) and oxide layer geometry on the stress distribution in the surface layer, during the cooling process. The results show a clear relationship between the carbide layer and the stresses occurring at the surface. They also show that, despite the presence of the oxide layer, tensile stresses may occur at the alloy surface. The necessary calculations were made in the Midas NFX 2014 software. Key words: stable austenitic cast steel, stresses, finite elements method, cracking. Osprzęt pieców do nawęglania jest wykonywany ze stabilnego staliwa austenitycznego. W czasie jego użytkowania dochodzi do zniszczeń, które dyskwalifikują go z dalszej eksploatacji. Praca skupia się na zagadnieniu powstawania mikropęknięć w osprzęcie podczas jego chłodzenia. Literatura przedmiotu wskazuje, że kluczowe znac więcej »

Korozja elektrochemiczna w roztworach NaCl stopu magnezu AZ31 z dodatkiem litu - DOI:10.15199/28.2015.6.7

Joanna Przondziono Eugeniusz Hadasik Witold Walke Janusz Szala

Electrochemical corrosion of magnesium alloy AZ31 with lithium additive in NaCl solutions The purpose of performed tests was evaluation of resistance to electrochemical corrosion of extruded magnesium alloy AZ31 with additive of 7.5% Li. Corrosion tests were performed in 0.01÷2.00 mol/dm3 NaCl solutions. Potentiodynamic tests, performed with application of testing system VoltaLab PGP201 by Radiometer, enabled to register polarisation curves. Potentiodynamic tests proved that increase of molar concentration of NaCl solution triggers deterioration of corrosion properties. With application of stereoscopic microscope Olympus SZX9 and scanning electron microscope Hitachi S-4200, the surface of the alloy was observed after immersion tests performed in 1÷5 days. Prior to microscopic tests, corrosion products in the solution containing 200 g/l CrO3 and 10 g/l AgNO3 were removed from the surface of the alloy. It was proved that irrespective of solution concentration and exposure time, there were visible corrosion modifications on alloy surface. Most samples feature non-uniform corrosion areas. Moreover, presence of pitting corrosion was proved. Results of performed tests prove explicitly deterioration of corrosion properties of the alloy with the increase of molar concentration of NaCl solution. It can be seen that corrosion process is intensive and that intensity increases with the increase of solution concentration and extension of exposure time. Physical and chemical properties of the surface were evaluated with application of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Measurements were made with measurement system AutoLab PGSTAT 302N equipped with FRA2 (Frequency Response Analyser) module. Nyquist and Bode diagrams were registered. Performed tests enabled direct comparison of behaviour of the real object with its equivalent system, which is a model referring to physically realised impedance. Adopted structures of electric circuits in both cases sugges więcej »

Laser boriding of 100CrMnSi6-4 steel using CaF2 self-lubricating addition - DOI:10.15199/28.2015.6.22

Adam Piasecki Mateusz Kotkowiak Michał Kulka Piotr Dziarski

100CrMnSi6-4 steel, being a high carbon chromium steel with increased content of manganese and silicon, is commonly used in the bearing industry as a standard material. This material is predominantly applied to elements of rolling bearings taking into consideration its good wearability as well as good resistance to contact fatigue. The diffusion boronizing was a thermochemical treatment which improved tribological properties of this steel. In this study, instead of diffusion process, the laser boriding was used in order to produce boride layer on this material. The two types of alloying materials were applied. First, the surface of base material was coated by paste including amorphous boron only. The second alloying material consisted of the mixture of amorphous boron and CaF2 as a self-lubricating addition. Next, the surface was remelted by laser beam with using TRUMPF TLF 2600 Turbo CO2 laser. The continuous laser-borided layers were obtained at the surface. They were uniform in respect of the thickness because of the high overlapping used during the laser treatment (86%). The laser-borided layers were significantly thicker than that reported for diffusion boriding. The increased hardness was observed in remelted zone and in heat-affected zone. The significant increase in wear resistance of laser-borided layer was caused by CaF2 self-lubricating addition. Key words: laser boriding, self-lubricating addition, microstructure, hardness, wear resistance. Laserowe borowanie stali 100CrMnSi6-4 z zastosowaniem dodatku samosmarującego CaF2 Stal 100CrMnSi6-4 jako wysokowęglowa stal chromowa ze zwiększoną zawartością manganu i krzemu jest powszechnie stosowana w przemyśle łożyskowym jako standardowy materiał. Stal ta jest przede wszystkim stosowana na elementy łożysk tocznych ze względu na jej dobrą odporność na zużycie, jak również dobrą odporność na zmęczenie kontaktowe. Borowanie dyfuzyjne jest obróbką cieplno-chemiczną, która poprawia właściwości więcej »

Modelowanie stanu odkształceń w gradientowych powłokach CrN/CrCN - DOI:10.15199/28.2015.6.28

Łukasz Szparaga Przemysław Bartosik Adam Gilewicz Waldemar Kwaśny Jerzy Ratajski

MODELLING OF INTERNAL DEFORMATION STATE IN CrN/CrCN GRADIENT COATINGS The aim of the study was to analyse differences in the states of internal deformation, caused by mechanical loads, in the coatings CrN/CrCN with a gradient transition layer between CrN and CrCN. The coatings were deposited using PVD technique (Physical Vapour Deposition) by cathodic arc evaporation on a substrate made from 42CrMo4 steel. The total thickness of the deposited coatings was 8 μm, and the gradient transition layer between CrN and CrCN had a thickness of 2 μm. In mathematical model, gradient layer was represented by the so called transition functions, describing the spatial change of the layer’s material parameters, such as Young’s modulus, Poisson ratio, coefficient of thermal expansion, yield strength and tangent modulus. In particular, were considered two types of gradient layers with different profiles of carbon concentration described by a power function. Using knowledge of the residual stress in the coating after the deposition process (measured by X-ray diffraction), has been shown by numerical simulation based on FEM, the differences in the states of effective plastic strain, caused by external loads. In particular, was shown on the example that the gradient layer represented by a power transition functions of the exponent p > 1 are characterized by smaller zones of high plastic strain on the boundary of applied external loads in comparison to the gradient layers with p < 1. This fact indicates, that the coatings with gradient layers with p > 1 are characterized by an larger fracture toughness. Key words: gradient coatings, transition layers, internal stress. Celem pracy było zbadanie różnic w stanach odkształceń własnych powstałych na skutek zadanych obciążeń mechanicznych w powłokach CrN/CrCN z gradientową warstwą przejściową pomiędzy CrN i CrCN. Powłoki zostały osadzone techniką PVD (Physical Vapour Deposition), metodą katodowego więcej »

Modernizacja posadowień maszyn i urządzeń okrętowych oraz przemysłowych z zastosowaniem tworzywa chemoutwardzalnego EPY. I. Praktyczne zastosowania tworzywa - DOI:10.15199/28.2015.6.38

Magdalena Urbaniak Jędrzej Ratajczak

Modernization of foundations for industrial and ship's machines and devices with use of the EPY compound. Part 1. Practical applications of the EPY compound In the article the practical aspects of special EPY compound and based on its technology have been shown. This technique, consists of material and technology, has been developed and implemented to common industrial practice largely due to cooperation between the shipbuilding sector and Technical University of Szczecin (now West Pomeranian University of Technology). There are presented some typical commercial applications for this material divided into two main areas: applications in shipbuilding and industry. It emphasized the innovative nature some of these applications as well how significant contribution had researches and analysis conducted by scientific research facilities. Among shipbuilding applications there is presented the foundation of marine main engines. It highlighted the impact of factors determining the genesis of the technology described in the article, particularly a sharp rise in power of the main engines and therefore the size of marine engines. Another quoted example of use for the seating on the epoxy compound technology is installation of LNG/ LPG tanks. It was pointed the crucial importance of stress tests conducted and numerical analysis for this type of application. Among industry applications one quoted two examples of modification of seating. Both had eliminated significant exploitation problems of seated in traditional way machinery. First of them its example of seating of a big combustion gas devices, however, second its example for seating for Cooper Bessemer GMVH-12 compressor engine. In this point briefly described exploitation problems and ways of solving them with the help of comprehensive seating with use of EPY material. Examples of adopting the technology for seating of machines using epoxy materials by producers of these machinery were quoted. więcej »

Modernizacja posadowień maszyn i urządzeń okrętowych oraz przemysłowych z zastosowaniem tworzywa chemoutwardzalnego EPY. II. Prognozowanie i badania właściwości termomechanicznych tworzywa - DOI:10.15199/28.2015.6.39

Magdalena Urbaniak Jędrzej Ratajczak

Modernization of foundations for industrial and ship's machines and devices with use of the EPY compound. Part 2. Technological forecasting and thermo-mechanical investigations of the EPY compound properties Possibilities of technological forecasting for thermal and thermomechanical properties of the EPY compound applied to foundation chocks during building, repairing or modernization of foundations for ship's machinery and installations and also for many heavy land-based machines and have been discussed in this article. CTT cure diagram (conversion-temperature-transformation) presented here was formed by way of theory and experiments and it allows to obtain an insight in behavior of the EPY compound during curing as well as some information on its curing degree what can be seen as reliable determinants for thermomechanical properties of the compound. Also dependency of heat deflection temperature under load of the EPY compound on curing parameters was showed. Theoretic models of thermal and thermomechanical properties for thermoset compounds specified in the article proved their good fit with results obtained at static and dynamic compressive and flexural tests of the EPY. It allows to turn these models to good account for forecasting of strength properties of foundation chocks made of this material depended on their cure state and operating temperature (up to 80°C). Loss factor and modulus of elasticity were also determined in dynamic compression tests of the EPY compound by method of hysteresis loop. Properties of vibration damping of this material during compression in the range of loads and operating temperatures for foundation chocks were estimated. Key words: EPY compound, foundation chocks, service conditions, curing, technological forecasting, thermomechanical properties. W artykule omówiono możliwości prognozowania właściwości termicznych i termomechanicznych tworzywa chemoutwardzalnego EPY stosowanego na podkładki funda więcej »

Numeryczna analiza technologii obróbek HPT i SP z wykorzystaniem pakietu ANSYS LS-Dyna - DOI:10.15199/28.2015.6.17

Paulina Byczkowska Mariusz Stegliński Jacek Sawicki

HPT and SP treatments technology numerical analysis using ANSYS LS-Dyna package Development of the construction methodology and solving models which uses severe plastic deformation (SPD) is a key issue that allows to control technological processes. Using computer simulations, it is possible to expand knowledge about physical phenomena that occur during processing, and their effect on the mechanical properties of the treated material. Analysis of these phenomena enables selection of optimum process parameters, test assumptions and eliminating errors at computer simulation stage, which allows to significantly reduce implementation time and lower its cost. This work concerns the numerical analysis of superposition of stresses resulting from the high-pressure torsion (HPT) process and shot peening (SP) process. To carry out computer modelling of fast and dynamic phenomena ANSYS LS-Dyna software were used. The study analyzed the impact of hybrid machining process of HPT and SP on the technological properties of lightweight aluminium alloys surface layer. Carrying out computer simulation allowed the analysis of superposition distribution of deformation, stress and depth of coverage depending on process parameters. Key words: numerical analysis, HPT, SP, twisting under high pressure, shot peening, aluminium, LS-Dyna. Opracowanie metodyki budowy i rozwiązywania modeli procesów wykorzystujących intensywną akumulację odkształceń SPD (severe plastic deformation) jest kluczowym zagadnieniem pozwalającym panować nad procesami technologicznymi. Wykorzystując symulacje komputerowe, można zgłębić wiedzę dotyczącą zjawisk fizycznych zachodzących podczas obróbki wyrobu oraz ich wpływu na właściwości mechaniczne obrabianego materiału. Analiza tych zjawisk umożliwia dobranie optymalnych parametrów procesu oraz sprawdzenie założeń i eliminację błędów już na etapie symulacji komputerowej, co pozwala na znaczne skrócenie czasu wdrożenia oraz obniżenia jego kosztów więcej »

Ocena efektów odpuszczania laserowego zahartowanego objętościowo żeliwa sferoidalnego - DOI:10.15199/28.2015.6.15

Marta Paczkowska Piotr Okoniewicz Adam Piasecki

The evaluation of the effect of laser annealing of through hardened nodular iron Presented research results concern designing aspects of surface layer of cast iron parts. The aim of presented research was to estimate the possibilities of laser heating for annealing processes without appearing of the remelted zone or the zone hardened from the solid state near the surface. Laser treatment was performed with CO2 Trumpf TLF 2600 molecular laser with continuous wavelength. During the laser treatment surface temperature was recorded. The results of performed treatment were estimated on the base of microstructure analysis and microhardness measurements. The carried out research enabled to state, that the power densities which caused annealing processes (without reherdened zones presence) is 7.5 and 9·102 W·cm-2 (with thin hardened layer) for 3.74 s interaction time. The decrease of matrix microhardness in the surface layer was approx. 200 HV0.1. In case of application lower power density — about 5.5·102 W·cm-2 no microhardness changes was recorded. The results of presented research enable to state, that creation of annealed zone (as only one modified zone in surface layer) in case of hardened cast iron parts is possible by laser heating. However, it requires more precision in laser treatment parameters selection, than in case of treatments involving surface layer hardening. Key words: nodular iron, laser annealing, hardness. Prezentowane wyniki badań dotyczą konstytuowania warstwy wierzchniej elementów żeliwnych. Celem badań była ocena możliwości wykorzystania nagrzewania wiązką laserową do aktywowania procesów odpuszczania zahartowanego elementu bez pojawienia się przy powierzchni stref przetopionych lub ponownie zahartowanych ze stanu stałego. Obróbkę wykonano za pomocą lasera molekularnego CO2 Trumpf TLF 2600 o pracy ciągłej. Podczas obróbki rejestrowano temperaturę powierzchni nagrzewanego elementu. Efekty obróbki ocen więcej »

Ocena struktury warstw po krzemowaniu i krzemo-aluminiowaniu stopu molibdenu TZM - DOI:10.15199/28.2015.6.20

Agnieszka Kochmańska Aneta Jarlaczyńska

Structure of silicide and aluminide coatings on TZM This paper presents results of research on siliconizing and silicon-aluminizing by slurry method on molybdenum alloy TZM (wt %: 0.5% Ti, 0.1% Zr, 0.02% C, molybdenum bal.). Samples covered with the slurry were annealed in argon atmosphere. Two kinds of water slurry were applied: containing aluminium and silicon powders, and second one containing only silicon powder. Different technological parameters of coatings manufacturing were applied in the experiment. Annealing temperature was 1000°C and time 2 to 6 hours. The structure of obtained coatings is either triple layered (after siliconizing) or quadruple layered (after silicon-aluminizing) dependly on kind of the slurry. The obtained coatings were investigated using: SEM, EDS, XRD methods. MoSi2 phase is formed in the outer layer of coating after siliconizing and the Mo(Si, Al)2 phase is formed in the outer layer of coating after silicon-aluminizing. Mo3Si phase and Mo3(Si, Al). phase are formed in the internal layer, nearest to the substrate, correspondingly. Key words: heat-resistant coatings, slurry method, molybdenum alloy TZM. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań krzemowania i krzemo-aluminiowania metodą zawiesinową stopu molibdenu TZM (% mas.: 0,5% Ti, 0,1% Zr, 0,02% C, reszta molibden). Elementy z naniesioną zawiesiną wygrzewano w piecu w atmosferze argonu. Zastosowano dwa rodzaje zawiesin wodnych: jedną zawierającą proszek aluminium i krzemu, drugą zawierającą tylko proszek krzemu. Warstwy wytwarzano, stosując temperaturę wygrzewania 1000°C oraz czas wygrzewania 2, 4 i 6 godzin. W zależności od rodzaju zawiesiny warstwy mają dwa typy budowy: trójstrefowy — warstwy krzemkowe i czterostrefowy — warstwy krzemkowo-aluminidkowe. Dla uzyskanych warstw określono skład fazowy i chemiczny oraz morfologię składników fazowych mikrostruktury. W zewnętrznej strefie warstwy krzemkowej tworzy się faza MoSi2, natomiast warstwy krzemkowo-al więcej »

Ocena właściwości magnetycznych żeliwa sferoidalnego ausferrytycznego podczas wymrażania - DOI:10.15199/28.2015.6.14

Dawid Myszka Maciej Kowalczyk

Evaluation of magnetic properties of ausferritic ductile iron during cryogenic treatment Austenite in ausferritic ductile iron is a phase with some specific features dependent on many factors. As highlighted in the disclosed analysis, the factors most commonly studied and described are those related with the effect of chemical composition and heat treatment parameters. A few general statements can be made here, however, which will relate to the entire group of ausferritic ductile iron grades. These are the following statements: a) in the microstructure of ausferritic ductile iron, austenite is present and its MS temperature is below 0°C, b) this austenite is not homogeneous as indicated by a wide range of transformation temperatures between MS and Mf . The heterogeneity of the magnetic properties of austenite and the value of MS temperature at a level slightly lower than 0°C indicate that austenite at room temperature can be mechanically unstable. The aim of this article was to determine the stability of the austempered ductile iron (ADI) microstructure during temperature changes in a range of 20÷300 K through changes in magnetic properties. The measurements were taken in a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) using Fe27Ni2TiMoAlNb austenitic stainless steel and four types of austempered ductile iron. ADI samples were obtained under various heat treatment conditions. The plotted curves showing changes in the magnetization level as a function of temperature, illustrating changes taking place in the microstructure. For each of the materials examined, the MS and Mf temperature of the martensitic transformation takes place were identified. Key words: ausferritic ductile iron, ADI, austenite, martensite, magnetic properties. Austenit w żeliwie sferoidalnym ausferrytycznym jest fazą mającą specyficzne cechy zależne od wielu czynników. Te najczęściej badane i wymieniane są związane z wpływem składu chemicznego oraz parametrów obróbki cieplnej, co sta więcej »

Ocena wpływu przygotowania powierzchni na właściwości korozyjne kompozytów cermetalicznych w osnowie stali AISI 316L - DOI:10.15199/28.2015.6.33

Paweł Figiel Anna Biedunkiewicz Witold Biedunkiewicz Dariusz Grzesiak Paulina Dużyńska

Assessment of the influence of the surface preparation on the corrosion properties of metal matrix composites in a AISI 316L matrix Metal matrix composites reinforced ceramic particles, are widely used in industry, wherever high resistance to abrasive wear, erosion and corrosion is necessary. Cermets, in which titanium carbide (TiC) is used as reinforcing phase, are particularly interesting for improving the strength, stiffness and wear resistance, especially at elevated temperature. The paper presents the results of corrosion tests of 316L stainless steel composite reinforced nc-TiC particles, at different stages of surface preparation: grinding, polishing, electropolishing and oxidation in the furnance. Measurement of potentiodynamic polarization curves in 3% NaCl solution were performed. The results have showed the negative impact of the nanocrystalline TiC strengthening phase on corrosion resistance of composites. It was also found that electropolishing treatment is the most preferred way to prepare the surface for 316L stainless steel as well as TiC reinforced composites. Key words: metal matrix composite, titanium carbide, 316L steel, corrosion resistance, SLM, surface preparation. Kompozyty cermetaliczne, w których osnowę metaliczną umacnia się cząstkami ceramicznymi, są szeroko wykorzystywane w przemyśle, wszędzie tam gdzie jest niezbędna duża odporność na zużycie ścierno-erozyjne oraz odporność korozyjna. Cermetale, w których fazą umacniającą jest węglik tytanu (TiC), są potencjalnie interesujące ze względu na poprawę właściwości wytrzymałościowych, sztywności oraz odporności na zużycie ścierne, szczególnie w podwyższonej temperaturze. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań korozyjnych kompozytu zbrojonego cząstkami nc-TiC na osnowie stali nierdzewnej 316L po różnych etapach przygotowania powierzchni: szlifowaniu, polerowaniu, elektropolerowaniu i utlenianiu w piecu. Pomiary potencjodynamicznych krzywych polaryzacji przeprowadzono w 3% więcej »

Odporność termiczna mieszanki celulozowej modyfikowanej proekologicznymi dodatkami mineralnymi przeznaczonych na kształtki odlewnicze - DOI:10.15199/28.2015.6.40

Zbigniew Zawieja Jacek Sawicki

Thermal resistance of the cellulose mixture modified by mineral ecological additives for foundry fittings system purpose Commercially available cellulose mixtures are consisting harmful and toxic binders resulting very high gas emission effects during liquid metal pouring process therefore having influence on the final casting product quality. Authors proposed the opposing alternative solution for fittings made of cellulose mixture modified by mineral ecological additives such an expanded perlite, expanded vermiculite and microspheres. The results on thermal properties of the modified cellulose mixture used for fittings and cylindrical shapes manufacturing are presented in the following article. Conducted examination are showing the authors materials requested to be patented are having similar thermal resistance to commercially already available cellulose samples which is visible on measurements of the liquid metal cooling process inside tested pipes made from different cellulose mixtures. Additionally exothermic effect is appearing during cooling process resulting liquid metal crystallization extension process visible in the samples consisting aluminiosilicates. Received result from investigations are showing the patented mixture based on paper pulp can be used as alternative material used for gating system fittings in the disposable sand moulds. Key words: cellulose mixture, gas emission, expanded perlite, expanded vermiculite, microspheres, casting. Istniejące obecnie na rynku komercyjne mieszanki celulozowe zawierają w sobie toksyczne oraz szkodliwe lepiszcza organiczne będące źródłem bardzo silnych efektów gazotwórczych przy kontakcie z ciekłym metalem, co ma kluczowy wpływ na proces zalewania ciekłym metalem oraz na jakość finalnego produktu, jakim jest odlew. Jako alternatywę autorzy zaproponowali kształtki wykonane z mieszanki celulozowej wzbogaconej w dodatki mineralne proekologiczne, jak perlit ekspandowany oraz wermikulit ekspandow więcej »

Optymalizacja struktury cienkich warstw Bi2O3 domieszkowanych Er wytwarzanych techniką PLD - DOI:10.15199/28.2015.6.26

Sławomir Kąc Łukasz Cieniek Tomasz Moskalewicz

Optimization of the structure of Er doped Bi2O3 thin films prepared by the PLD technique In this paper we present the results of research made for functional Er3+ doped Bi2O3 thin films, produced by the laser ablation technique. The experiment was performed using the optimized PLD process parameters, such as single pulse energy, laser radiation wavelength, the substrate temperature, the pressure of the working gas and the target-substrate distance. Thorough analyses of the structure, chemical and phase composition and morphology of oxide thin films were carried out using research techniques as follows: scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, EDS spectroscopy and X-ray phase analysis. The study of thickness measurements, nanohardness and adhesion of Er3+ doped Bi2O3 thin films for the single crystal MgO substrate were also performed. Thus obtained results allow to conclude that it is possible to "transfer" the stoichiometric composition of the target material to the prepared substrate and the XRD phase composition investigation revealed the presence of the high-temperature δ-Bi2O3 phase responsible for the increased ionic conductivity. Analysis of these results allows a precise selection of the optimal PLD process parameters for the preparation of high quality Er3+ doped Bi2O3 thin films stabilizing δ phase at lower temperature. Key words: surface thin films, laser ablation, PLD, Bi2O3 oxide doped with Er, high temperature δ-Bi2O3 phase. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań nad funkcjonalnymi cienkimi warstwami Bi2O3 domieszkowanymi Er3+, wytworzonymi techniką ablacji laserowej. Eksperyment przeprowadzono z zastosowaniem zoptymalizowanych parametrów procesu PLD, takich jak: energia impulsu, długość fali promieniowania laserowego, temperatura podłoża, atmosfera gazu roboczego i odległość target-substrat. Wnikliwej analizie poddano strukturę, skład chemiczny, skład fazowy oraz morfologię wytworzonych warstw tlenkowych więcej »

Procesy wydzielania cząstek faz umacniających z przesyconych stopów AlMgSi - DOI:10.15199/28.2015.6.5

Grażyna Mrówka-Nowotnik Jan Sieniawski Małgorzata Wierzbińska Andrzej Nowotnik

Precipitation processes of strengthening phases' particles from supersaturated AlMgSi alloys The mechanical properties of aluminium alloy AlMgSi - a group 6xxx - allow them to be used in many areas of industries extensively. They are generally used for the production of medium-duty elements of aircraft structures, vehicles and rolling stock. Their highest strength properties are obtained when they were subjected to precipitation strengthening process. Despite of on-going projects carried out by many research's units, there is a strong need to examine the effect of chemical composition, kinetic of precipitation processes from supersaturated solutions and the influence of strengthening phases on aluminium alloys mechanical properties. This is due to both the development of new alloys, as well as the constantly increasing demands on their performance. Therefore, this paper is showing the results of study devoted to determination of the impact of the chemical composition and the precipitation strengthening process parameters on the precipitation sequence of the intermetallic phases (temperature and time) of the supersaturated AlMgSi alloys. The characteristics of the supersatureted solution decomposition sequence was performed based on calorymetry study of alloys group 6xxx. Thus, the temperature of phase precipitation for different heating rate was determined. Based on the calorimetric curves and the ln(Q/T2) of 1000/RT values the values of activation energy for precipitation and dissolution of phase components were established. Key words: stopy AlMgSi, procesy wydzielania, mikrostruktura, fazy umacniające, energia aktywacji. Właściwości mechaniczne stopów aluminium AlMgSi - grupa 6xxx - zapewniają szerokie ich stosowanie w wielu gałęziach przemysłu. Na ogół są używane do wyrobu średnio obciążonych elementów konstrukcji lotniczych, pojazdów samochodowych oraz taboru kolejowego. Swoje największe właściwości wyt więcej »

Sposób oceny doskonałości struktury krystalicznej monokrystalicznych odlewów łopatek z nadstopu niklu CMSX-4 - DOI:10.15199/28.2015.6.1

Kamil Gancarczyk Robert Albrecht Christian Olesch Krzysztof Kubiak Jan Sieniawski

Novel method for the measurement of crystalline perfection in single crystal turbine blades made of CMSX-4 superalloy The paper presents novel method for crystal perfection investigation in single crystal turbine blades both as-cast and after heat treatment. The castings were made of CMSX-4 superalloy and cast by the Bridgman method at the withdrawal rate of 3 and 5 mm/min. Evaluation of crystal perfection was based on measurements of alfa angle - the angle between crystallographic growth direction [001] and the main axis of the blade z. The investigation was conducted with the use of X-ray diffraction method called Ω-scan, utilizing prototype OD-EFG diffractometer invented by EFG company (Berlin). The apparatus enables determination of the crystal orientation in the root and airfoil of turbine blade made of nickel based superalloys. The size of the measuring spot was about approx. 2 mm2 and by this size, the orientation of whole surface of turbine blade can be mapped with an accuracy of ±0.01°. It was found that increase of withdrawal rate from 3 to 5 mm/min caused a reduction in the average value of α angle from 6.5 to 4°. The scatter of α angle for both withdrawal rates is similar. Heat treatment of casting resulted in an increase of α angle to 8.5° for withdrawal rate 3 mm/min and 6.5° for 5 mm/min. The scatter of orientation decreased to 1.8 and 1.6° respectively. Key words: nickel-based superalloys, single crystal, turbine blades, CMSX-4, crystal orientation. W pracy przedstawiono ocenę doskonałości struktury krystalicznej monokrystalicznych odlewów łopatek turbiny wysokiego ciśnienia silnika lotniczego w stanie lanym oraz po obróbce cieplnej. Odlewy wytworzono z nadstopu niklu CMSX-4 metodą Bridgmana z prędkością wyciągania formy 3 i 5 mm/min. Podstawą oceny doskonałości struktury krystalicznej odlewów była analiza wyników pomiarów kąta odchylenia pomiędzy kierunkiem wyciągania i kierunkiem kryst więcej »

Struktura i efekt TRIP w stalach AISI300 odkształconych przez rozciąganie - DOI:10.15199/28.2015.6.12

Barbara Kucharska Michał Krzywiecki Tomasz Nowak

Structure and TRIP effect in AISI300 steels after tensile deformation The paper presents the results of chrome-nickel steel 304L, 316L and 310S with different additive content of Cr to Ni. Steels was subjected to a tensile deformation at ambient temperature. It was showing that the strengthening of steel and the elongation increases with the ratio Cr/Ni. The microstructure investigation using microscopic and XRD methods demonstrated that the strongest increase in strengthening steels 304L, and 316L (while increasing elongation) was due to the complete conversion γ → αʹ with relation of planes orientation {111γ}||{110α}. The amount of martensite formed in 304L steel was 49%, which resulted in an increase in hardness to 347 HV30, while in the 316L steel 5% of martensite caused an increase in hardness to 304 HV30. In 310S steel the transformation has not occurred, and hardness increased only to 273 HV30. Key words: AISI300 steels, martensitic transformation, effect TRIP. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań stali chromowo-niklowych 304L, 316Li 310S o różnym stężeniu dodatków Cr i Ni. Stale poddano odkształceniu przez rozciąganie w temperaturze pokojowej. Wykazano, że umocnienie i wydłużenie stali zwiększa się wraz z ilorazem Cr/Ni. Za pomocą badań mikroskopowych mikrostruktury i metody XRD wykazano, że największe umocnienie stali 304L, a także 316L (przy jednoczesnym wzroście wydłużenia) było spowodowane przemianą γ → αʹ z relacją orientacji płaszczyzn {111γ}||{110α}. Ilość martenzytu powstałego w stali 304L wyniosła 49%, co spowodowało zwiększenie twardości do 347 HV30, natomiast w 316L 5% martenzytu zwiększyło twardość do 304 HV30. W stali 310S przemiana nie wystąpiła, a twardość zwiększyła się tylko do 273 HV30. Słowa kluczowe: stale AISI300, przemiana martenzytyczna, efekt TRIP.1. WPROWADZENIE Stale austenityczne, nierdzewne, z tzw. serii 300 według ASTM, stanowią szeroką grupę st więcej »

Struktura i właściwości powłok ze stopów Inconel 625 i 686 napawanych metodą CMT na rury i ściany szczelne kotłów energetycznych - DOI:10.15199/28.2015.6.2

Jan Kusiński Marek Blicharski Łukasz Cieniek Stanisław Dymek Magdalena Rozmus-Górnikowska Monika Solecka Katarzyna Faryj

Structure and properties of Inconel 625 and 686 weld overlays deposited onto boiler pipes and membrane walls by the CMT technique In the paper results of complex microstructural, microchemical, mechanical and corrosion resistance investigations of Inconel 625 and 686 weld overlays deposited onto boiler pipes and membrane walls, which are used within boilers for waste incineration, are described. The membrane walls and boiler pipes (made of 16Mo3 steel) were weld overlaid in the SEFAKO S.A. using CMT (Cold Metal Transfer) technique. The average thickness of weld deposited coatings was about 2.5 mm, while thickness of the heat affected zone in pipes about 0.6 mm. The microstructure and chemical composition of the deposited coatings were analyzed using light, scanning and transmission electron microscopes connected to an energy dispersive X-ray analyzer (EDS) apparatus. The chemical composition variations in the content of Ni, Fe, Cr, Mo and Nb in the direction perpendicular to the coatings surface and dendritic microsegregation were examined. Moreover, mechanical properties were determined using tensile test samples made of overlaid pipes and membrane walls. Examinations showed a high strength and plasticity of the Inconel 625 and 686 weld overlaid boiler pips and membrane walls. EDS Microprobe measurements of the Inconel 625 and 686 weld overlays showed the Fe content rapidly decreasing in the direction from the Fe-rich substrate towards the coating to the level of 5 wt % within 30 μm, and near the coating surface the Fe content reaches level of only about 3%. Research showed that due to microsegregation that occurs during the process of solidification of the Inconel 625 weld overlays, the cores of the dendrites are richer in Ni, Fe and Cr, while the areas between dendrite arms, the so-called interdendritic regions, are richer in Mo and Nb. It was shown that W in 686 alloy segregates much less than Nb in Inconel 625 coatings. Microstructu więcej »

Temperaturowa odporność na zużycie elementów z powłoką AlCrN - DOI:10.15199/28.2015.6.24

Michał Michalak Remigiusz Michalczewski Edyta Osuch-Słomka1 Marian Szczerek

The temperature wear resistance of AlCrN coated elements The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of temperature on the wear resistance of coated parts AlCrN. The coating was prepared in the physical vapour deposition process (PVD) on the discs made of tungsten carbide. The testing in sliding motion conditions was performed using T-21 tribotester manufactured by ITeE-PIB. The results showed that the wear resistance of the AlCrN coating depends on the temperature. The largest wear rate was obtained at room temperature. In contrast, at 600°C the intensity of wear of the coating was 4-fold lower, and 750°C, 6-fold lower than at room temperature. The mechanism of high wear resistance of AlCrN coating is based on creation of oxide protective layer. Conducted analysis of the composition of the surface layer showed a significantly higher content of oxygen in the wear track than the outside track. At high temperature, friction process further intensified oxidation and the amount of oxygen increased with increasing temperature. Key words: AlCrN coating, PVD, CVD, wear, friction, wear resistance, high temperatures, T-21 ball-on-disc tribotester, sliding conditions, SEM/EDS. Celem pracy było zbadanie wpływu temperatury na odporność na zużycie elementów pokrytych powłoką AlCrN. Powłokę wytworzono w procesie osadzania fizycznego z fazy gazowej (PVD) na tarczach wykonanych z węglika wolframu. Badania tribologiczne w ruchu ślizgowym ciągłym przeprowadzono z wykorzystaniem stanowiska badawczego T-21 produkcji ITeE-PIB. W wyniku przeprowadzonych badań stwierdzono, że odporność na zużywanie skojarzenia z powłoką AlCrN zależała od temperatury. Największe zużycie odnotowano w temperaturze pokojowej. Natomiast w 600°C intensywność zużywania powłoki była 4-krotnie mniejsza, a w 750°C 6-krotnie mniejsza niż w temperaturze pokojowej. Mechanizm wysokotemperaturowej odporności na zużywanie powłoki AlCrN polega na utworzeniu tlenkowej warstwy ochronnej. Przep więcej »

Trwałość temperaturowa układów wielowarstwowych Cu/Ni i Cu/stal - DOI:10.15199/28.2015.6.30

Thermal stability of multilayer systems Cu/Ni and Cu/steel The paper presents the results of effect of heating on retention period structure and change texture Cu/Ni and Cu/X8CrNiSi25-21 multilayer. The multilayers was fabricated on a Si(100) nano-crystalline silicon substrate by the magnetron sputtering method. The multilayers were differentiated by the number of periods (50÷150) and by the thickness of Ni and X8CrNiSi2 więcej »

Warstwy chitozanowe osadzone elektroforetycznie jako potencjalne powłoki przeciwporostowe - DOI:10.15199/28.2015.6.36

Paweł Kaczorowski Jolanta Baranowska

Chitosan films deposited by electrophoresis as potential antifouling coatings An important issue in the exploitation of water constructions is to protecting them against fouling lichens, algae or fungi. The most commonly used method of hedging should be covered with antifouling paints with the addition of special chemicals such as toxic copper compounds, tin compounds or biocides. Promising ecological alternative for this type of applications are chitosan coatings, stable in an aqueous environment and reducing the friction. The paper presents preliminary research on this type of coating deposition electrophoretic method. Received chitosan coating, with good stability in the water, that evenly cover the sample. Key words: antifouling, chitosan, electrophoresis, SEM, contact angle, LM, STEM. Ważnym zagadnieniem w eksploatacji konstrukcji wodnych jest zabezpieczenie ich przed porastaniem porostami, algami lub grzybami. Do najczęściej stosowanych metod zabezpieczających należy malowanie farbami antyporostowymi z dodatkiem specjalnych chemikaliów, takich jak toksyczne związki miedzi, związki cyny lub biocydy. Obiecującą ekologiczną alternatywą do tego typu zastosowań są powłoki chitozanowe, stabilne w środowisku wodnym oraz zmniejszające tarcie. W pracy przedstawiono wstępne badania nad osadzaniem tego typu powłok metodą elektroforetyczną. Otrzymano powłoki, równomiernie pokrywające próbkę, chitozanowe o dobrej stabilności w wodzie. Słowa kluczowe: elektroforeza, chitozan, powłoki antyporostowe, SEM, kąt zwilżania, mikroskopia świetlna, STEM.1. WPROWADZENIE Problem z porastaniem na statkach w wodach morskich dotyczy wszystkich zanurzonych elementów. Pokrywanie kadłubów statków powłokami antyporostowymi jest jedną z najważniejszych i najczęstszych prac wykonywanych przed wodowaniem łodzi, ponieważ chroni przed porastaniem algami i grzybami, a co za tym idzie korozją. Kadłuby łodzi są pokrywane najczęściej farbami antyporostowymi z dodatkiem su więcej »

Właściwości technologiczne mieszanek formierskich na bazie węglika krzemu stosowanych do produkcji ceramicznych form odlewniczych - DOI:10.15199/28.2015.6.44

Marcin Małek Paweł Wiśniewski Jarosław Mizera Krzysztof J. Kurzydłowski

Technological properties of ceramic slurries based on silicon carbide for manufacturing ceramic shell moulds Silicon carbide (SiC) is widely used in science and industry. It exhibits advantageous properties like: high strength, hardness and resistance to thermal shocks and oxidation. It is also characterized by thermal resistance and stability. It characterized by very high thermal and electrical conductivity. In comparison with other ceramic powders like: aluminium oxides, zirconium oxides or mullite, SiC exhibits the highest thermal conductivity. Therefore SiC is potentially useful for fabrication ceramic shell moulds in investment casting process. SiC gives possibilities to control macro- and microstructure parameters (like grain size or interdendritic distance) in cast materials, because it exhibit high thermal conductivity. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of adding three different binders on the technological properties of ceramic slurries used in manufacturing SiC shell moulds for investment casting of aircraft turbine engine parts. In this work technological properties of ceramic slurries based on silicon carbide were characterized. Main binder was substance with nanoparticles of aluminium oxide. Additionally to modify parameters three binders were used: poly(ethylene) glycol, poly(vinyl alcohol) and polyacrylic dispersion. State phase was 65 wt %. The time of mixed ceramic slurries was 96 h in conditioned lab. During the experiment properties such as viscosity, pH and density were investigated. Additionally adhesion to surface test and dynamic viscosity were done. To characterize silicon carbide SEM, grain size and chemical composition were measured. Silicon carbide based ceramic slurries had very promising properties and there are very perspective for future application. Key words: silicon carbide, ceramic slurries, ceramic shell moulds, technological properties. Węglik krzemu jest używany w wielu dziedzinach nauki więcej »

Właściwości tribologiczne warstw kompozytowych Ni-P/nanoAl2O3 oraz Ni/nanoAl2O3 wytwarzanych metodą redukcji chemicznej i elektrochemicznej - DOI:10.15199/28.2015.6.29

Beata Kucharska Karol Popławski Jerzy R. Sobiecki

Tribological properties of composite Ni-P/nanoAl2O3 and Ni/nanoAl2O3 layers produced by chemical and electrochemical reduction The paper describes the results of studies of the structure and tribological properties of Ni-P/Al2O3 and Ni/Al2O3 composite coatings produced by chemical and electrochemical reduction method. For comparison purposes, Ni-P and Ni coatings, produced with the same process parameters as the composite coatings, were also tested. The composite coatings were deposited in an acidic bath for electroless plating and in a modified Watts bath containing 10 g/dm3 of nanometric alumina powder in both cases. Morphology and topography of the coatings’ surface was presented. The tribological properties of nickelphosphorous, nickel and composite coatings were evaluated using T-21 tribotester. Key words: Ni-P/Al2O3, Ni/Al2O3, composite coatings, pulse current plating ball-on-disc method. Praca przedstawia wyniki badań struktury i właściwości tribologicznych warstw kompozytowych Ni-P/Al2O3 oraz Ni/Al2O3 wytwarzanych metodą redukcji chemicznej i elektrochemicznej. W celach porównawczych badano również warstwy Ni-P oraz Ni wytwarzane w procesach o takich samych parametrach jak warstwy kompozytowe. Warstwy kompozytowe osadzano w kwaśnej kąpieli do niklowania chemicznego oraz w zmodyfikowanej kąpieli Wattsa o zawartości 10 g/dm3 nanometrycznego tlenku glinu. Przedstawiono morfologię i topografię powierzchni wytworzonych warstw. Za pomocą tribotestera T-21 oceniono właściwości tribologiczne warstw niklowo-fosforowych, niklowych oraz kompozytowych. Słowa kluczowe: Ni-P/Al2O3, Ni/Al2O3, powłoki kompozytowe, metoda impulsowa, metoda kula-tarcza.1. WPROWADZENIE Wprowadzanie nowych materiałów do transportu i przemysłu ma na celu głównie poprawę właściwości eksploatacyjnych części maszyn i urządzeń. Użycie aluminium jako podłoża pozwala stosować takie materiały wszędzie tam, gdzie jest ważne maksymalne zredukowanie masy materiału. Alumin więcej »

Właściwości wytrzymałościowe wyciskanych profili aluminiowych serii 5xxx oraz wpływ procesu ich spawania na wytrzymałość zmęczeniową - DOI:10.15199/28.2015.6.4

Jacek Borowski Daniel Andrzejewski

Strength properties of extruded aluminum profiles of the 5xxx series and the influence of welding process on fatigue strength 5xxx series alloys with Mg as main alloying element are even three times more corrosion resistant than the most popular alloys of 6xxx series (AlMgSi). In this article, strength and fatigue tests results of extruded profiles, made of 5754, 5083 and 5019 alloys and TIG welded are shown. Tensile strength test of welded butt joints, carried out according to PN-EN ISO 4136, show that all of the welded joints meet minimum strength criterium according to PN-EN ISO 15614-2. Specimens fractured in base material, which in the case of aluminium alloys indicates that there is no faults in the weld and in the heat affected zone. Examinations revealed slight decrease of tensile strength of AlMg alloys welded profiles. Accelerated fatigue tests by Locati method have been performed for alloys, so fatigue strength of initial materials without welded joints and welded profiles have been compared. Fatigue tests revealed very good fatigue strength of welded alloys - the same level have been reached. Key words: TIG welding, AlMg alloys, extrusion. Stopy serii 5xxx zawierające Mg jako główny składnik stopowy są nawet trzy razy odporniejsze na korozję od najbardziej rozpowszechnionych stopów serii 6xxx (AlMgSi). W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań wytrzymałościowych i zmęczeniowych profili wyciskanych ze stopów 5754, 5083 oraz 5019 oraz spawanych metodą TIG. Badania wytrzymałości na rozciąganie złączy doczołowych przeprowadzone według normy PN-ES ISO 4136 wykazały, że wszystkie złącza spawane spełniają kryterium minimalnej wytrzymałości według normy PN-EN ISO 15614-2. Badane próbki zrywały się w materiale podstawowym, co w przypadku złączy ze stopów aluminium świadczy o braku niezgodności w spoinie i strefie wpływu ciepła. Badania wykazały niewielkie zmniejszenie wytrzymałości na rozciąganie spawanych profili ze stopów AlMg. Zrealiz więcej »

Wpływ chropowatości powierzchni na mikrostrukturę i wybrane właściwości elementów stalowych hartowanych w nanofluidach - DOI:10.15199/28.2015.6.16

Wojciech Gęstwa Grzegorz Kinal

The influence of surface roughness on microstructure and some properties of steel elements hardened in nanofluids In the quenching mediums named nanofluids the use of nanoparticles let obtained the significant development of the area contact between them and hardened elements, what has influence on the warmth receipt in these mediums. The similar effect gets in the result of the different surface condition of the surface layer in the hardened processes. That is why investigations were undertaken within the framework of this work in the range of influence of the surface development on the created microstructure in hardened elements with utilization of nanofluids. The microstructure changes can influence the mechanical proprieties of hardened elements, particularly in the top layer. The development of the surface cooled will permit by the change of her roughness to make the change of intensification of warmth receipt from the surface of hardened element. This will also contribute to the possibility of the creation of larger area contact between the nanoparticles solid body and the hardened element. The verification was conducted these assumptions in the support about investigations: microstructure, hardness and abrasive wear resistances. These investigations were realized on samples created from 100Cr6 steel about the different surface roughness, which subject the hardened processes in nanofluides and low-temperature tempering. The obtained results let the state, which the change of surface roughness of the hardened elements influences on the minimum degree of structural changes. It influences the larger degree on the increase of hardness on the section of hardened samples and their abrasive wear resistance. The research permitted state, which the profitable correlation exists between the quenching mediums (nanofluides) and roughness, microstructure and the chosen properties of hardened elements of alloy steel. This correlation increases the ran więcej »

Wpływ ciśnienia prasowania na właściwości kompozytów WCCo-cBN wytwarzanych metodą PPS - DOI:10.15199/28.2015.6.34

Joanna Wachowicz Radosław Zieliński Karol Popławski Beata Kucharska

Influence of load on the properties of WCCo-cBN composites produced by the PPS method Cubic boron nitride (cBN) is the material next to diamond in respect of hardness and heat conductivity, but, contrary to diamond, it shows weak reactivity with ferrous materials. In view of these properties, cubic boron nitride is an excellent material for the fabrication of cutting tools such as e.g. those made of heat-treated steels, nickel-based alloys, or cobalt. Under elevated temperature and under normal pressure, cubic boron nitride undergoes transformation into its stable phase hBN. Traditional cBN sinters (polycrystalline cubic boron nitride — PCBN) with a metallic matrix are usually sintered using the expensive High Pressure High Temperature (HPHT) method which requires high pressure of 4÷5 GPa to avoid the transformation of hard cBN into its soft hexagonal hBN phase. The present study is concerned with how the load affect on the properties of the WCCo composites which contain 20 vol. % of cBN with the particle size ranging from 5 to 12 μm. The powders were sintered in an apparatus for high-current pulse sintering (Pulse Plasma Sintering). The idea underlying the process is to heat the pre-consolidated powder using electric pulses, the heating being realized via the Joule heat dissipated at the contacts between the individual powder particles. During the electric current impulses the instantaneous temperature on the powder particle surfaces reaches several thousand Celsius degrees, and after the current decays, it quickly falls to the prescribed sintering temperature. The study showed that the sintering at the temperature 1100°C, under the load 30 MPa (in the first stage) and 100 MPa (in the second stage), for 10 min yielded sinters with the density above 99% GT with hardness of about 223 HV10. Key words: pulse plasma sintering, cubic boron nitride (cBN), cemented carbides, composites. Regularny azotek boru (cBN) jest drugim po diamencie więcej »

Wpływ długotrwałego wyżarzania ujednorodniającego na mikrostrukturę i właściwości stopu aluminium 6066 - DOI:10.15199/28.2015.6.6

Grażyna Mrówka-Nowotnik Jan Sieniawski Małgorzata Wierzbińska Andrzej Nowotnik

Influence of long-lasting solution annealing on the microstructure and properties of aluminum alloy 6066 The microstructure evolution and changes on the mechanical properties of aluminium alloy 6066 and its homogenization process were investigated. Therefore, the alloy was heat treated at temperature of 565°C for 3, 5, 10, 24, 48 and 72 h and this allowed to determine the influence of holding time on the morphology of microstructure constituents and mechanical properties of the examined 6066 alloy. The microstructure evolution were investigated by light microscope and scanning electron microscope. The results show that the main constituent phase in the alloy - plate-like and needle-like dispersoid of Al5FeSi transformed during homogenization process into spheroidal in shape Al(FeMn)Si phase. Additionally, the following primary phases formed during crystallization: precipitates of silicon and eutectic phases with addition of copper - Q-Al5Cu2Mg8Si6 and θ-Al2Cu were not visible, meaning they completely dissolved in the matrix of α-Al. However, primary precipitates of Mg2Si were being dissolved partially and the remnants of these precipitates with the shape of “chinese script" turn their shape into spheroidal after being heat treated for 48 hours. Key words: 6066 aluminium alloy, homogenizing, microstructure, mechanical properties. W pracy przeprowadzono długotrwałe wyżarzanie ujednorodniające w temperaturze 565°C przez 3, 5, 10, 24, 48 i 72 h i określono wpływ temperatury i czasu wyżarzania na zmiany morfologii mikrostruktury i właściwości mechanicznych stopu aluminium 6066. Ewolucję morfologii składników fazowych mikrostruktury obserwowano za pomocą mikroskopu świetlnego oraz skaningowego mikroskopu elektronowego. Stwierdzono, że podczas wyżarzania ujednorodniającego płytkowe i iglaste cząstki fazy Al5FeSi uległy przemianie w sferoidalne cząstki fazy Al(FeMn)Si. Powstałe podczas procesu krystalizacji stopów pierwotn więcej »

Wpływ dodatków stopowych na profil stężenia węgla w wybranych gatunkach stali niskostopowych nawęglanych próżniowo - DOI:10.15199/28.2015.6.18

Konrad Dybowski Piotr Kula Paulina Kowalczyk Krzysztof Jakubowski Bartłomiej Januszewicz

The influence of alloy elements on the carbon concentration profile in selected low-alloy steels subjected to vacuum carburizing The additives occur at case-hardening steels influence on kinetics of the carburizing process. Reports in the lecture based on the results of research carried out in a conventional gas carburizing, where the carbon potential of carburizing atmosphere is usually less than 1%. At the low pressure carburizing (vacuum carburizing) the carbon potential of carburizing atmosphere is much higher (exceeding the solubility of carbon in austenite phase). To fully exploit the potential is used two step process contained saturation and annealing stage. In the saturation phase the carburizing atmosphere is dispensed into the furnace chamber and the annealing stage without the addition of the treating atmosphere is called diffusion phase. During saturation occurs solutioning the surface of the steel with carbon and recreation of carbides, while the diffusion phase dissolution of carbides. In both phases of the process takes place at the same time diffusive transport of carbon from the surface to the core of steel. As can be seen vacuum carburizing process is more complex than traditional gas carburizing. Participation in the course of the various phases of this process has the additives occur in the carburizing steel. It follows that the merits carried out in this article studies. The article presents the influence of alloy elements in low alloy steels designed for carburizing, for the constitution of carbon concentration profile during low pressure carburizing, the formation and dissolution of carbides. The paper also shows the effect of additives on the amount of carbon introduced during the process, the carbon activity in austenite, and the diffusion coefficient. Key words: vacuum carburizing, case-carburizing steels, carbon concentration profile, alloy elements, kinetics of the low-pressure carburizing. Dodatki stopowe obecne w więcej »

Wpływ dodatku tytanu na odporność korozyjną nanostrukturalnych, austenitycznych stopów żelaza - DOI:10.15199/28.2015.6.11

Maciej Tuliński

The effect of titanium addition on the corrosion resistance of nanostructured, austenitic Fe-based alloys The paper presents the results of structural examinations, microhardness and corrosion resistance tests of nanostructured Ni-free austenitic stainless steels that have been produced by a combination of mechanical alloying processes (MA), heat treatment and nitriding, using pure metal powders of Fe, Cr, Mn, Mo, and Ti. This method allows to obtain items that can be accurately machined in the ferrite phase, followed by nitriding at a high temperature to obtain a material with much improved mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. In particular, attention was drawn to the addition of titanium and its effect on the corrosion resistance in H2SO4 and in Ringer solution environments. Steels with different chemical composition and their counterparts containing added titanium were compared. Key words: nickel-free stainless steels, nanomaterials, titanium. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań strukturalnych, mikrotwardości oraz odporności korozyjnej bezniklowych nanokrystalicznych stali austenitycznych, które zostały wytworzone przez kombinację procesów mechanicznej syntezy (MA), obróbki cieplnej i azotowania z wykorzystaniem czystych proszków metali Fe, Cr, Mn, Mo i Ti. Metoda ta pozwala na otrzymanie wyrobów, które mogą być precyzyjnie obrabiane w fazie ferrytycznej, a następnie przez azotowanie w wysokiej temperaturze można uzyskać materiał o znacznie polepszonych właściwościach mechanicznych i odporności korozyjnej. W szczególności zwrócono uwagę na dodatek tytanu i jego wpływ na odporność korozyjną w środowisku H2SO4 oraz w roztworze Ringera. Porównano stale o różnym składzie chemicznym i ich odpowiedniki zawierające dodatek tytanu. Słowa kluczowe: bezniklowe stale nierdzewne, nanomateriały, tytan.1. WPROWADZENIE Stopy nierdzewne mają obecnie szerokie zastosowanie. W dużej mierze jest to wynikiem stosunkowo niskiej ceny oraz dobrej odpo więcej »

Wpływ parametrów wytwarzania na strukturę warstw otrzymanych metodą zawiesinową na stopie niklu - DOI:10.15199/28.2015.6.31

Agnieszka Kochmańska Paweł Kochmański

Effect of the manufacturing parameters on coatings structure obtained by the slurry method on nickel alloy The paper presents results of research of aluminium-silicon coatings created by slurry method on nickel alloy Inconel 617 using various configurations of the slurry. Technological parameters of coatings manufacturing were changed i.e. annealing temperature and time: 800 and 1000°C, 2 h. The samples were immersed in an aqueous suspension of powders: aluminium oxide, aluminium and silicon, an inorganic binder (water glass) and activator (a molten mixture of suitably selected salts). Percentage of activator and water glass was set at a stable level. Percentage of powder in the slurry was changed: 1) a powder of Al and Si in a ratio of 9/1, 2) a powder of Al, Al2O3, Si in a proportion of 4.5/4.5/1; 3) Al2O3 powder, Si in a proportion of 9/1. The amount of applied slurry was changed as well from 0.5 g/cm2 to 1.5 g/cm2. The structure of obtained coatings is double layer. Chemical and phase composition were determined. The phase composition of the coating produced with different amount of deposition slurry containing aluminium and silicon is similar Al(Ni, Co), Al3Ni2 and (Cr, Mo)3Si. The coating was not formed at 800°C when the suspension was composed only of Al2O3 and silicon, but it was forming at a temperature 1000°C and it has a phase composition similar to the siliconised coatings: Ni2Si and (Cr, Mo)3Si. The thickness of the coatings was also measured. Increasing the amount of applied slurry increases the thickness of the coatings only to a content 1 g/cm2. Key words: slurry method, nickel alloy, heat-resistant diffusion coatings. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań dotyczące opisu struktury warstw Al-Si otrzymanych na stopie niklu Inconel 617 metodą zawiesinową z zastosowaniem różnych parametrów wytwarzania. Warstwy uzyskano, stosując temperaturę wygrzewania 800 i 1000°C oraz czas 2 godziny. Próbki zanurzano w wodnej zawiesinie proszków: więcej »

Wpływ udziału cząstek węglika wolframu w kompozytowych warstwach powierzchniowych Stellite-6/WC na ich właściwości - DOI:10.15199/28.2015.6.27

Andrzej Młynarczak Dariusz Bartkowski Adam Piasecki

Influence of quantity of tungsten carbide particles in Stellite-6/WC composite coatings on their properties The paper presents the research results of coatings produced on S355 steel during the laser cladding process. A powder mixtures of Stellite-6/WC were applied and were fed to the laser beam with three speeds 5.12 g/min, 10.24 g/min oraz 15.36 g/min. With the increase of powder feed, the content of WC particles in the coatings was increased too. These coatings were produced using Laser Cell 3008 equipment equipped with a disc laser with a rated output of 1 kW with 3-streams powder feeding system. Identical parameters of the laser beam, i.e. power equal to 550 W and feed rate equal to 460 mm/min were adopted. Microstructural studies using light and scanning electron microscopy, phase and chemical composition test, microhardness and corrosion resistance study were carried out. It was found that with increasing of WC content in coating, reduces the electrochemical corrosion resistance in NaCl aqueous solution, and the microhardness was increased. Key words: laser cladding, corrosion resistance, microhardness, EDS microanalysis. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań warstw powierzchniowych wytworzonych na stali S355 podczas procesu napawania laserowego. Zastosowano mieszaninę proszkową Stellite-6/WC, którą do wiązki lasera podawano z trzema szybkościami, tj.: 5,12 g/min, 10,24 g/min oraz 15.36 g/min. Wraz ze zwiększaniem podaży proszku zwiększała się również zawartość cząstek WC w warstwach powierzchniowych. Warstwy te wytwarzano za pomocą urządzenia laserowego Laser Cell 3008 wyposażonego w laser dyskowy o mocy znamionowej 1 kW z trójstrumieniowym systemem podawania proszku. Przyjęto takie same parametry wiązki laserowej, tj. moc 550 W i posuw równy 460 mm/min. Przeprowadzono badania mikrostruktury za pomocą mikroskopu świetlnego i elektronowego skaningowego, badania składu chemicznego, mikrotwardości oraz odporności na korozję elektrochemiczną więcej »

Wpływ udziału masowego segmentów na właściwości termiczne termoplastycznych elastomerów eterowo-estrowych - DOI:10.15199/28.2015.6.42

Elżbieta Piesowicz Izabela Irska Zbigniew Rosłaniec

The effect of mass fraction on the thermal properties of thermoplastic ether-ester elastomers The increasing interest in structural constantly polymeric materials makes it places them higher and higher requirements for their performance, including good mechanical properties at low and elevated temperature. Conditions such good meets a group of polyesters, including relatively recently separated copolymers. Particular attention should be paid copolymers containing polyester segments of poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT), poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and polyester of 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid with ethylene glycol (PEN). Their good mechanical and thermal properties, chemical resistance and specific barrier properties makes it found a variety of uses particularly in the packaging industry. Interesting properties of block copolymers are characterized by ester-ether. If the length of the blocks and the physical differences between them are large, the copolymers have the structure of the heterophasic. As a result of the synthesis of 16 to give a series of polymers with different weight fraction sequence PTMO (20, 40, 50 and 60 wt %) and the molar ratio of terephthate to naphthalate sequence in block polyester of: 100/0, 60/40, 40/60, 0/100 mol %, respectively. The general formula of the polymers obtained are shown in Figure 3. The materials were characterized using the method of differential scanning calorimetry DSC. Also determined the basic physical properties of polymers. Tests carried out by differential scanning calorimetry possible to determine the effect of PTMO share sequence and EN and ET on the phase transformations in the structure of the materials obtained, i.e.: melting point, crystallization and glass transition phase containing sequences polyester (rigid) and PTMO (soft). Key words: poly(ether-ester), hard phase, phase soft, phase transformation temperature. Wzrastające ciągle zainteresowanie konstrukcyjnymi materiałami więcej »

Wpływ wielkości cząstek diamentu na strukturę i właściwości kompozytów Ni3Al–diament wytwarzanych metodą impulsowo-plazmową - DOI:10.15199/28.2015.6.32

Konrad Cymerman Andrzej Michalski Krzysztof Kulikowski

Influence of the particle size of diamond powder on microstructure and properties of Ni3Al-diamond composites produced by pulsed plasma sintering There is an increasing number of research studies with aim to eliminate carcinogenic and expensive cobalt from metal-diamond composites and replace it by Ni-Al intermetallic phases. This study presents the influence of diamond particle size on the properties of Ni3Al-diamond composites sintered by Pulsed Plasma Sintering (PPS) with the participation of SHS reaction (Self-propagating High-temperature Synthesis). Ni3Al-diamond sinters were produced using Ni:Al (3:1 at.) powder mixtures with addition of 30% vol. of diamond with grain size ranging from 16 to 60 μm. The sintering process was performed at 900°C in 5 minutes under load 100 MPa. Obtained sinters have above 98% theoretical density and shows fine crystalline microstructure with relatively uniformed diamond particles, what can be observed on SEM images of polished surface and fracture. The fractures are brittle and have the intergranular character. The X-ray phase examinations have shown that each sinters contains Ni3Al, diamond and Ni3C. Hardness of the sinters was tested by the Vickers method and was 578±9 HV5 for Ni3Al-diamond 16÷20 μm sinter and 606±2 HV5 for Ni3Al-diamond 40÷60 μm. Wear resistance of Ni3Al-diamond sinters, tested by ball-on-disc method, showed that wear ratio is non-measurable and Ni3Al-diamond 40÷60 μm sinter has much lower friction factor than Ni3Al-diamond 16÷20 μm. Presented research has shown no influence of diamond particle size used in Ni3Al-diamond sinters on structural properties, however an increase of mechanical properties in composite with diamond 40÷60 μm can be noticed. Key words: Ni3Al, diamond, composite, pulsed plasma sintering, PPS. Obecnie trwają prace nad zastąpieniem osnowy z drogiego i rakotwórczego kobaltu w kompozytach metal-diament materiałem na bazie faz mi więcej »

Wpływ właściwości mechanicznych blachy stalowej na stan powierzchni po obróbce strumieniowo-ściernej - DOI:10.15199/28.2015.6.23

Sebastian Lipa Leszek Klimek Konrad Dybowski Witold Szymański

The influence of the mechanical properties of the steel sheet on the surface condition after blasting In the interests of the environment more and more often in industry the work on the restoration of the functional characteristics of post-production waste (e.g. strips or sheets of steel) is undertaken. In response to the market demand for recycling, often are performed treatments, which in the first step lead to the preparation of waste for further processing, such as mechanical cleaning of corrosion products. One of the main treatments of these elements is a blasting. This paper presents a study on the influence of S355MC steel substrate condition (strengthening level) on the obtained surface parameters after the blasting. Blasting process was performed using aluminium oxide Al2O3, at two different pressures of 0.2 and 0.6 MPa at a constant angle and the distance between the nozzle and the workpiece. Then, surface properties of the steel were tested, including roughness, free energy and the quantity of abrasive particles embedded in the treated surface. Key words: blasting, surface condition, mechanical properties. W trosce o środowisko naturalne coraz częściej w przemyśle podejmuje się prace dotyczące przywrócenia cech użytkowych odpadom poprodukcyjnym m.in. w postaci taśm i blach stalowych. W odpowiedzi na zapotrzebowanie rynku na tzw. recykling niejednokrotnie przeprowadza się zabiegi, które w pierwszym etapie prowadzą do przygotowania odpadów do dalszej obróbki, takie jak np. mechaniczne oczyszczanie z produktów korozji. Jednym z podstawowych sposobów obróbki tych elementów jest obróbka strumieniowo-ścierna. W artykule przedstawiono badania wpływu stanu podłoża (stopnia umocnienia) ze stali S355MC na uzyskiwane parametry powierzchni po obróbce strumieniowo-ściernej. Obróbkę strumieniowo-ścierną przeprowadzono za pomocą tlenku aluminium Al2O3 przy ciśnieniu 0,2 i 0,6 MPa i stałym kącie nachylenia oraz odległości dyszy od obrabianego prze więcej »

Wpływ wyciskania metodą KOBO na wytrzymałość zmęczeniową stopu aluminium 7075 - DOI:10.15199/28.2015.6.3

Daniel Andrzejewski Jacek Borowski Dariusz Garbiec

Effect of KOBO extrusion method on the fatigue strength of 7075 aluminum alloy Investigations on the AW-7075 aluminum alloy in the F state, following the KOBO extrusion, supersaturation and aging have been carried out. Results have been presented of the measurements of hardness, tensile tests and fatigue strength tests performed with the classic and Locati accelerated method (stepwise increasing stress by approx. 70 MPa every 30 to 60 thousand cycles). The tensile tests have been performed on conical samples (with a variable diameter of the curve radius of 72 mm). The aim of the investigations was the assessment of the influence of the KOBO method forming of a half-product in the temperature of 400°C subsequently chilled with water at the outlet of the cast on the mechanical properties of the alloy and a comparison with the material not subject to the extrusion. The results obtained in the tensile tests have shown similar elasticity boundary, which was approx. 600 MPa and tensile strength above 650 MPa. The tests have been performed on thermally processed samples to state T6 and following the KOBO extrusion and short-term supersaturation and aging. Similar results were obtained in the measurements with the Brinell method. They were 176 HB for the T6 material and 175 HB for the material following the KOBO extrusion and thermal processing. The results of the fatigue tests carried out at the frequency of 15 Hz, maximum stress of 354 MPa in the pulsating — tensile cycle indicate that the KOBO extrusion process with the subsequent supersaturation and aging improves its fatigue strength. The results obtained with the Locati method indicated similar fatigue strength of all tested materials. The samples in the F state during fatigue tests were loaded with the stress of 425 MPa, which was greater by 45 MPa than the tensile strength determined in the tests. This confirms the deformation strengthening that took place during the dynamic tests. Key w więcej »

Wybrane aspekty regulowanego azotowania gazowego (RAG) oraz azotowania w obniżonym ciśnieniu (LPN) - DOI:10.15199/28.2015.6.19

Jerzy Michalski Emilia Wołowiec-Korecka Jerzy Ratajski Piotr Wach Barbara Kucharska Piotr Kula Roman Olik

Selected aspects of controled gas nitriding (RAG) and low pressure nitriding (LPN) In the article the effects of nitriding in the process of regulated gas nitriding (RAG) using ammonia atmosphere diluted by dissociated ammonia or by nitrogen with a nitriding process under low pressure (LPN) was compared. In studies 41CrAlMo7 (38HMJ), 42CrMo4 (40HM) alloy steels, low-carbon steels (steels 10 and 20) and Armco iron have been used. Nitriding of specimens was performed in regulated gas nitriding processes (RAG) in two variants, RAG-1: NH3/NH3zd./N2 = 35/65/0 and RAG-2: NH3/NH3zd./N2 = 5/0/95 and applied one variant of a nitriding under low pressure (LPN). Common parameter characterizing the processes was the degree of dissociation of ammonia. On the basis of studies have demonstrated that in the RAG-1 process can be obtained monophase layer of iron nitride γ′ in relatively wide range of dissociation of ammonia. In the RAG-2 and LPN processes γ′ phase stability region is much narrower and thus obtain a monophase layer of iron nitride γ′ is much more difficult. In the LPN processes reduce of area stability of the γ′ phase is accompanied by an increase in α phase stability region. Kinetic conditions in these processes conducive to the production of the nitrided layer without the subsurface layers of the nitrides iron. In turn, in the RAG-2 processes increase the area of ε phase stability. Kinetic conditions in these processes conducive to the production of nitrided layers with the subsurface layers of iron nitrides being a mixture of γ′ and ε phases. Key words: regulated gas nitriding, low pressure nitriding, X-ray diffraction, nitrided layer. W artykule porównano efekty azotowania w procesie regulowanego azotowania gazowego (RAG), stosując atmosfery amoniaku rozcieńczane zdysocjowanym amoniakiem lub azotem, z procesem azotowania w warunkach obniżonego ciśnienia (LPN). Procesom azo więcej »

Zużycie tribokorozyjne warstw węgloazotowanych stali austenitycznej - DOI:10.15199/28.2015.6.21

Paweł Giza Piotr Węgrzyn Jolanta Baranowska

Tribocorrosion wear of carbonitrided austenitic stainless steel The paper presents results of the studies on the corrosion and tribocorrosion resistance of austenitic stainless steel subjected to low temperature carbonitriding. During such a process the diffusion layers is formed which consists of two sublayers composed of carbon and nitrogen S-phase. The layers were produced in two atmospheres with different nitrogen potential and with addition of 2% of acetylene at temperature 400÷500°C. Process time was constant and equal to 5 h. Tribocorrosion tests consisted of a reciprocating motion in a water solution of 3% NaCl. In addition, potentiodynamic studies were carried out in such a solution. The results were compared to those obtained for untreated austenitic stainless steel. A significant increase in tribocorrosion resistance was observed, in particular for steel treated at 450 and 500°C. Corrosion resistance of the layers was comparable to or better than that of austenitic stainless steel. Key words: austenitic stainless steel, S phase, duplex layer, low temperature carbonitriding, tribocorrosion wear. W pracy omówiono wyniki badań odporności korozyjnej i tribokorozyjnej stali austenitycznej poddanej węgloazotowaniu niskotemperaturowemu, podczas którego dochodzi do wytworzenia warstw dyfuzyjnych o dwustrefowej budowie skłądających się z węglowej i azotowej fazy S. Warstwy zostały wytworzone w atmosferach o dwóch różnych potencjałach azotowych z dodatkiem 2% acetylenu w temperaturze 400÷500°C. Czas procesu był stały i wynosił 5 h. Badania tribokorozyjne przeprowadzono w ruchu posuwisto-zwrotnym w 3% wodnym roztworze NaCl. Ponadto przeprowadzono badania potencjodynamiczne w roztworze NaCl. Otrzymane wyniki porównano z nieobrobioną stalą austenityczną. Zaobserwowano znaczące zwiększenie odporności tribokorozyjnej w przypadku stali obrobionej cieplno-chemicznie, zwłaszcza w temperaturze 450 i 500°C. Wszystkie badane warstwy cechowała odporność więcej »